The Review of the Effect of Growth Hormone on Immune System, Metabolism and Osmoregulation of Fish

The aim of the present review is to summarize the knowledge on the neuroendocrine control of Growth hormone (GH). The biological actions of growth hormone are pleiotropic, including growth promotion, energy mobilization, gonadal development, appetite, social behavior, osmoregulation and control of immune system. Accordingly, the regulatory network for GH is complex and includes many endocrine and environmental factors. Growth hormone, a member of the family of hormones as prolactin, promotes acclimation to seawater in several teleost fish, at least in part through the action of insulin-like growth factor I. In branchial epithelia, development and differentiation of the seawatertype chloride cell is regulated by GH, IGF-I, and cortisol. Control of salinity acclimation in teleosts by prolactin and growth hormone primarily involves regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. The interaction of these hormones with corticosteroids.is very important and should be represent. The present review investigate the role of GH\insulin-like growth factor(IGF-1) axis in the immune system of teleost fish. in some euryhaline fish the activation of immune functions, observed during acclimation that are associated with the osmoregulatory action of GH, are discussed (Yada, 2007).